直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)的概述

在直接引用別人的原話時(shí)，被引用的句子稱為直接引語(yǔ)。在用直接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，引語(yǔ)前后都要加引號(hào)。引導(dǎo)引語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞稱為引用動(dòng)詞，如：say, ask, answer, reply等。引用動(dòng)詞多數(shù)放在后面，有時(shí)放在前面，間或插在引語(yǔ)中間。在把引用動(dòng)詞放在后面時(shí)，有時(shí)主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞位置可以顛倒(特別是主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí))。

例如：

“Who is it?” Ann shouted.

“I never eat meat,” she explained.

“Sit up,” he commanded, “and hold out your hands.”

當(dāng)用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話時(shí)，被轉(zhuǎn)述的部分稱為間接引語(yǔ)。這時(shí)被引語(yǔ)部分常常是引用動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。在多數(shù)情況下，引語(yǔ)都由連詞that引導(dǎo)，但在say, tell等詞后可以省略。

例如：He said (that) he had lost the bag.

Tell her I am out.

把直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要改變的內(nèi)容

1. 要根據(jù)意思改變?nèi)朔Q。

2. 要根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的原則把時(shí)態(tài)加以調(diào)整。

3. 指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞也需要作必要的變動(dòng)。

各種句式變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)要發(fā)生的變化

1. 陳述句

直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，用連詞that引導(dǎo) (that可省略)。例如：

Tony said to me, “ I will leave this book in your desk.”

→Tony told me (that) he would leave that book in my desk.

如果直接引語(yǔ)是表示建議、要求、推測(cè)、判斷的陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式、V-ing形式或含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的賓語(yǔ)從句。

例如：

Jane said to Tony, “You’d better ask your friends for some advice.”

→Jane advised Tony to ask his friends for some advice.

→Jane suggested Tony asking his friends for some advice.

→Jane advised/suggested that Tony (should) ask his friends for some advice.

2. 一般疑問句、選擇疑問句和反意疑問句

直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)，同時(shí)把原來的疑問句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。

例如：

The woman asked me, “Can you show me the way to the nearest bookstore?”

→The woman asked me whether/if I could show her the way to the nearest bookstore.

直接引語(yǔ)是選擇疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用連詞whether引導(dǎo)，同時(shí)把原來的疑問句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。例如：

My friend asked, “Will you come here by bus or by bike?”

→My friend asked whether I would go there by bus or by bike.

直接引語(yǔ)是反意疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，常由連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)，同時(shí)把原來的疑問句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。

例如：

He asked, “This math problem is very difficult, isn’t it?

→He asked whether/if that math problem was very difficult.

3. 特殊疑問句

直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，仍用原來的疑問詞引導(dǎo)，同時(shí)把原來的疑問句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。

例如：

She asked, “Where do you come from, Tom?”

→She asked Tom where he came from.

4. 表示請(qǐng)求、提議、建議或勸告等意義的疑問句

直接引語(yǔ)如果是此類疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式、V-ing形式或含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的賓語(yǔ)從句。

例如：

“Could you please tell me something about the trip?” David said to his sister.

→David asked his sister to tell him something about the trip.

“Why don’t you buy one for yourself?” she asked.

→She advised me to buy one for myself.

→She suggested me buying one for myself.

→She suggested/advised that I (should) buy one for myself.

5. 祈使句

直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要將祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據(jù)句子的意思加上tell, ask, order等動(dòng)詞。如果祈使句為否定式，則在不定式的前面加not。

例如：

Mrs. Lee said to her, “Please come here again tomorrow.”

→Mrs. Lee asked her to go there again the next/following day.

She said, “Don’t touch my book, Jack.”

→She told Jack not to touch her book.

6. 感嘆句

直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以用what, how或that引導(dǎo)。

例如：

“What a sunny day it is!” she said.

→She said what a sunny day it was./She said that it was a sunny day.

She said, “How aloud this student sings!”

→She said how aloud that student sang./She said that student sang very aloud.

將直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，需要注意的問題

1. 直接引語(yǔ)是客觀事實(shí)、科學(xué)真理、諺語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)、格言或?yàn)榱吮硎疽龅臓顟B(tài)和情況到現(xiàn)在仍然是事實(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。

例如：

“Where there is no trust, there is no love,” said our teacher.

→Our teacher said that where there is no trust, there is no love.

Her father said to them, “She is a good girl.”

→Her father told them she is a good girl.

2. 直接引語(yǔ)中有表示過去某年、某月或某日等具體的時(shí)間作狀語(yǔ)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一般不變。

例如：

William said, “I was born in 1988.”

→William said that he was born in 1988.

但當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中有以since, while, when等引導(dǎo)的表示過去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，狀語(yǔ)從句中的一般過去時(shí)不變，但主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則要改為過去完成時(shí)。例如：

She said, “I went there when I was ten years old.”

→She said that she had gone there when she was ten years old.

3. 如果就在當(dāng)?shù)鼗虍?dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，here不必變?yōu)閠here，動(dòng)詞come不必變?yōu)間o；yesterday, tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不必改變。

例如：

“Just come here to wait for me after school,” said my mother.

→My mother asked me to just come here to wait for her after school.

“I am now a Chinese citizen,” Henry said proudly.

→Henry said proudly that he is now a Chinese citizen.