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外刊 Day 5 | 暴力閱讀——自由與責(zé)任 Freedom and Responsibility

 不思而得 2020-04-21

暴力閱讀法梗概

  • 段首1-2句

  • 顯轉(zhuǎn)折:but、however、although……

  • 隱轉(zhuǎn)折:now、this time、luckily、unfortunately、seem、appear、sound、usually……

  • 賓語從句(引用)——天然的觀點句

  • 重播處:in other words、to put it differently、namely……

原題先讀

Freedom’s challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.

Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

In Greece, in Athens, a little city in a little country, there were no helpless masses. And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together. They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert. The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was self-controlled. To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom. They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens, not because it was forced on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.

But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for all. If people do not prize it, and work for it, it will go. Constant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance, a spiritual change which affected the whole state. It had been the Athenian’s pride and joy to give to their city. That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds. There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work. Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object, ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing. Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.

Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility. There could be only one result. If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good, they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom. It is to be had on no other terms. Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.

But, “the excellent becomes the permanent”, Aristotle said. Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was not lost forever for the world. A great American, James Madison, referred to:“ The capacity of mankind for self-government.” No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost. The Digital Age cannot destroy it. Somehow in this or that man’s thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action. One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime.

65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. Countries where their people need help.

B. Powerful states with higher civilization.

C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

D. Governments ruled with absolute power.

66. People believing in freedom are those who________.

A. regard their life as their own business

B. seek gains as their primary object

C. behave within the laws and value systems

D. treat others with kindness and pity

67. What change in attitude took place in Athens?

A. The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.

B. The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.

C. The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.

D. The Athenians looked on the government as a business.

68. What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?

A. Athens would continue to be free.

B. Athens would cease to have freedom.

C. Freedom would come from responsibility.

D. Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.

69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?

A. The author is hopeful about freedom.

B. The author is cautious about self-government.

C. The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.

D. The author is proud of man’s capacity.

名師解析

根據(jù)暴力閱讀法,梳理文章脈絡(luò)

——Freedom’s challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. (段首主題句)

總結(jié):文章關(guān)于數(shù)字年代的自由挑戰(zhàn)。

——Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. (段首主題句)…There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere.(But轉(zhuǎn)折)

總結(jié):2500前,希臘發(fā)現(xiàn)自由。此前,有帝國,無自由。

——In Greece, in Athens, a little city in a little country, there were no helpless masses.

(段首主題句)

The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted.

(thought that賓語從句)… Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens, not because it was forced on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. (but轉(zhuǎn)折)

總結(jié):希臘雅典,沒有無助群眾;不認為“自由即隨心所欲”;這座城市是每個人的驕傲和安全感,因為每個人都對這座城市負責(zé)。

——But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. (段首主題句)…Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. (instead of轉(zhuǎn)折)

總結(jié):自由意識覺醒不同于發(fā)現(xiàn)電腦;國家給予人民,而非人民奉獻給國家。

——Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility. (段首主題句)

總結(jié):雅典人渴望無需負責(zé)的自由。

——But, “the excellent becomes the permanent”, Aristotle said.(段首主題句) Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was not lost forever for the world.(but轉(zhuǎn)折) …Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost.(but轉(zhuǎn)折)

總結(jié):雅典失落了(因為他們追求不負責(zé)任的自由),但自由意識的覺醒還存在于這個世界。

(σ???)σ 輕松解題

65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. Countries where their people need help.

B. Powerful states with higher civilization.

C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

D. Governments ruled with absolute power.

正確答案:D

解析:根據(jù)暴力法勾出的框架,第二段大意為“2500前,希臘發(fā)現(xiàn)自由。此前,有帝國,無自由?!迸c此主題相關(guān),表示“有帝國,無自由”的只有答案D,absolute power,帝國擁有絕對權(quán)力,答案選D。

66. People believing in freedom are those who________.

A. regard their life as their own business

B. seek gains as their primary object

C. behave within the laws and value systems

D. treat others with kindness and pity

正確答案:C

解析:根據(jù)暴力法勾出的框架,雅典自由意識覺醒后,第三段梗概為“希臘雅典,沒有無助群眾;不認為“自由即隨心所欲”;這座城市是每個人的驕傲和安全感,因為每個人都對這座城市負責(zé)?!狈础半S心所欲”,強調(diào)對集體負責(zé),答案選C。

67. What change in attitude took place in Athens?

A. The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.

B. The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.

C. The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.

D. The Athenians looked on the government as a business.

正確答案:A

解析:根據(jù)暴力法勾出的框架,關(guān)于雅典人態(tài)度的改變,即“開始認為應(yīng)該國家給予人民,而非人民奉獻給國家。”并提及“雅典人渴望無需負責(zé)的自由。”即拒絕對集體負責(zé),答案選A。

68. What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?

A. Athens would continue to be free.

B. Athens would cease to have freedom.

C. Freedom would come from responsibility.

D. Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.

正確答案:B

解析:凡是考一句艱深難懂的話的意思,從來不是考察其真正的字面意思,而是考察文章大意。根據(jù)梗概,“雅典人渴望無需負責(zé)的自由”,即他們想要推翻建立在規(guī)則之內(nèi)的自由,隨后雅典隕落了,雅典人不再享有自由,答案選B。

69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?

A. The author is hopeful about freedom.

B. The author is cautious about self-government.

C. The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.

D. The author is proud of man’s capacity.

正確答案:A

解析:亞里士多德出現(xiàn)在最后一段。最后一段的梗概為“雅典失落了(因為他們追求不負責(zé)任的自由),但自由意識的覺醒還存在于這個世界”,充滿希望的口吻,答案選A。

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