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高考單選英語陷阱-規(guī)則硬套型

 許愿真 2014-05-28

 所謂“規(guī)則硬套”,即指不從語言實際出發(fā),不考慮特定的語言環(huán)境,而是機械地套用語法規(guī)則,生搬硬套語法的條條框框,同學(xué)們?nèi)绻@樣去學(xué)語言,那就難免出錯了。下面請看幾個實例:

  1.“Is there _____ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.”
  A. anybody    B. everybody    C. somebody    D. nobody
因為這是疑問句,所以你就按語法規(guī)則將此題答案確定為A,你認(rèn)為你選對了嗎?不,錯了。

  2.“If you want a necklace, I'll buy one for you at once.” “Oh, no. A necklace is not  _____ that I need most.”
  A. anything     B. something     C. nothing    D. everything

  因為這是否定句,所以你就按語法規(guī)則將此題答案確定為A,你認(rèn)為你選對了嗎?不,錯了。

  3. He was sentenced to death _____ what he had stolen from the bank.
  A. that     B. since     C. because    D. because of

  因為橫線后是一個從句,所以你就按語法規(guī)則將此題答案確定為C,你認(rèn)為你選對了嗎?不,錯了。

  規(guī)則是死的,語言是活的。同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)語言時,應(yīng)該具體問題具體分析,既要學(xué)習(xí)語言的規(guī)則,又要靈活運用規(guī)則,這樣才能把語言學(xué)好、學(xué)活。你想知道以上問題的解釋嗎?請往下讀。
1. 是a,the還是a, a

“Have you seen _____ pen? I left it here this morning.”
 “Is it _____ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.”

  A. a, the    B. the, the  C. a, a    D. the, a

  此題容易誤選A,生搬硬套冠詞用法規(guī)則:第一次提到某人或某事物用不定冠詞,第二次再提到該人或該事物時用定冠詞。但事實上,此題的第二空Is it black one?中的one并非指前面提到的pen,即這里的one與前面的pen并非同一事物。另外,從后面的I think I saw it somewhere(我想我在哪個地方見過)可知前一句的black one不能是特指的,而應(yīng)是泛指的,故應(yīng)用不定冠詞。此題正確答案為C。
現(xiàn)在我們把此題變化一下:

“Have you seen _____pen? I left it here this morning.”
“Is it _____ black one? I found it in the corner.”
A. a, the   B. the, the   C. a, a   D. the, a

這樣一改,此題的最佳答案就是A,而不是C了。
規(guī)則硬套型請再看一例:

  My friend Mary is _____ beautiful girl and _____ girl everyone likes to work with.
A. a, a    B. a, the    C. the, a    D. the, the

  此題很容易誤選B,認(rèn)為第一次提到girl用不定冠詞,第二次提到就應(yīng)該用定冠詞。但是,句中第二次提到girl時并不是特指的,此句實為一省略句,補充完整是:My friend Mary is a beautiful girl and she is a girl everyone likes to work with.比較以下兩句(第二個girl前用了定冠詞,因為那是特指):

  For this he asked a girl, but the girl refused to answer him.

  為此他問了一個女孩,但這個女孩拒絕回答他。

  The other day he met a beautiful girl in the park and the girl smiled at him.

  幾天前他在公園遇到一個女孩,這個女孩沖他笑了笑。

2.在這個否定句中該用anything還是everything

  I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with _____.
  A. everything    B. anything  C. something    D. nothing

  此題容易誤選B,生搬硬套不定代詞用法規(guī)則:something用于肯定句,anything用于否定句或疑問句。其實此題應(yīng)選A,注意前文的I agree with most of what you said(我同意你說的大部分內(nèi)容),其后的not與everything構(gòu)成部分否定,意為“不是所有的都同意”,前后兩部分用轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but連接,語氣通順、連貫。

  _____ likes money, but money is not _____.
  A. Everyone, everything    B. Anyone, anything
        C. Someone, nothing       D. Nobody, everything

  答案選A,句意為“人人都喜歡錢,但錢不是萬能的”。

3.在這個疑問句中該用everybody還是anybody

  “Is there _____ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.”
  A. anybody    B. everybody  C. somebody    D. nobody

  此題容易誤選A,認(rèn)為這是一般疑問句,要用anybody。其實此題應(yīng)選B,主要與上下文的語境有關(guān)。全文語境為:“大家都到齊了嗎?”“沒有,Bob和Tim兩人請假了?!奔偃粑覀儗⒋祟}作如下變換,則情形就會有所不同:

  “Is there _____ here?” “Yes, I'm upstairs. Please come and help me.”
         A. anybody    B. everybody    C. somebody    D. nobody

  此題的最佳答案應(yīng)是A,而不是B。

  答案選B,雖然涉及多個對象,但由于它們用and連接,故用介詞between。
8. because of后一定不能接從句嗎

  He was sentenced to death _____what he had stolen from the bank.
  A. that    B. since  C. because    D. because of

  許多同認(rèn)為此題應(yīng)選C,因為關(guān)于because和because of的用法有如下區(qū)別規(guī)則:because是連詞,其后接句子;而because of是介詞,其后接名詞、代詞或動名詞。此規(guī)則并沒錯,只是表述不很準(zhǔn)確。一般說來,because作為從屬連詞,用以引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句時,其后應(yīng)是一個不含有引導(dǎo)詞的句子,而不能是what導(dǎo)的從句。另一方面,本題中的what he had stolen=the thing(s) that he had stolen,也就是說,這個what從句從本質(zhì)上說,它相當(dāng)于一個名詞(或者更準(zhǔn)確地說是一個受定語從句修飾的名詞),所以此題應(yīng)選because of。She cried because of what you said.她哭是因為你說的話。
9.這里是用different than 還是用different from

  She is quite a different girl _____ she was five years ago.
  A. from     B. to  C. than     D. with

  按照英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,要表示甲與乙不同,通常用be different from,如:Mary is different from Jane.瑪麗與簡不同。其中的介詞from在英國英語中也可換成to,在美國英語中也可換成than,但兩者均不如用from普遍。許多同學(xué)據(jù)此將上題的最佳答案確定為A,但錯了,最佳答案應(yīng)是C。一般說來,若兩個比較的對象是名詞、代詞或狀語短語等,則用different from[to, than]。但是若提出來供比較的對象是一個沒有引導(dǎo)詞的句子,則通常只用different than。

  又如:Schools are different than they used to be.

  學(xué)校與原來不一樣了。順便說一句,若是一個以what引導(dǎo)的從句,則可以用from或to。
  比較:She is quite different from[to]what we thought.=She is quite different than we thought.

  她跟我們原來想像的大不一樣。

10.這是反意疑問句嗎

  “I think the teacher is wrong, _____?” “No, I don't think so.”
  A. don't you    B. don't I  C. doesn't he    D. doesn't she

  此題容易誤選C或D,因為按照語法規(guī)則,I think后接賓語從句時,其反意疑問句與從句保持一致,但是退一步,即使按此規(guī)則,其反意疑問句也應(yīng)是isn't he或isn't she之類的,而不是像C或D那樣用doesn't he和doesn't she。綜合四個選項,最佳答案為A,don't you為don't you think so之省略。

  又如:I think he will win, don't you? 我認(rèn)為他會贏,你說呢?I think its price will go up, don't you?我認(rèn)為它的價格會上升,你不這樣認(rèn)為嗎?
11.用于make (使)后作賓語補足語的一定是動詞原形嗎?

  I found I could easily make myself _____ by using sign language.
  A. understood    B. understand  C. to understand    D. being understood
答案選A,但容易誤選B,即硬套“make +名詞或代詞+動詞原形”這一結(jié)構(gòu)。

  但是對于該結(jié)構(gòu)同學(xué)們忽略了一點,就是該結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞應(yīng)與其后動詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,而對于上面一題,myself與其后的動詞understand顯然不是主謂關(guān)系,而是動賓關(guān)系,或者說是被動關(guān)系,故此時的動詞應(yīng)用過去分詞表被動。

  誤:He was very angry as to be unable to speak.

   誤:He was very angry that he couldn't speak.

   誤:He was very angry to speak.

  Marsha got so carried away when arguing with her husband _____ she hit him.
  A. since    B. and    C. until    D. that

  答案選D,屬so ... that ...句式。全句意為“瑪莎與她丈夫爭吵過于激烈,以至動手打了他”。其中的carry away意為“使興奮”、“使忘乎所以”,是個短語,通常用于被動語態(tài),句中的got carried away可視為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

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